Here is M45 The Pleiades / Seven Sisters.

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The Pleiades (/ˈplaɪ.ədiːz, ˈpliːə-/), also known as the Seven Sisters and Messier 45, are an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars located in the constellation of Taurus. It is among the nearest star clusters to Earth and is the cluster most obvious to the naked eye in the night sky.

The cluster is dominated by hot blue and luminous stars that have formed within the last 100 million years. Reflection nebulae around the brightest stars were once thought to be left over material from the formation of the cluster, but are now considered likely to be an unrelated dust cloud in the interstellar medium through which the stars are currently passing.[7]

Computer simulations have shown that the Pleiades were probably formed from a compact configuration that resembled the Orion Nebula.[8] Astronomers estimate that the cluster will survive for about another 250 million years, after which it will disperse due to gravitational interactions with its galactic neighborhood.[9]

Origin of name

The name of the Pleiades comes from Ancient Greek. It probably derives from plein ("to sail") because of the cluster's importance in delimiting the sailing season in the Mediterranean Sea: "the season of navigation began with their heliacal rising".[10] However, in mythology the name was used for the Pleiades, seven divine sisters, the name supposedly deriving from that of their mother Pleione and effectively meaning "daughters of Pleione". In reality, the name of the star cluster almost certainly came first, and Pleione was invented to explain it.[11]

Folklore and mythology

The Pleiades are a prominent sight in winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and are easily visible out to mid-Southern latitudes. They have been known since antiquity to cultures all around the world,[12] including the Celts, Hawaiians (who call them Makaliʻi[13]), Māori (who call them Matariki), Aboriginal Australians (from several traditions), the Persians, the Arabs (who called them Thurayya[14]), the Chinese (who called them 昴 mǎo), the Quechua, the Japanese, the Maya, the Aztec, the Sioux, the Kiowa,[15][16] and the Cherokee. In Hinduism, the Pleiades are known as Krittika and are associated with the war-god Kartikeya. They are also mentioned three times in the Bible.[17][18]

Galileo's drawings of the Pleiades star cluster from Sidereus Nuncius. Image courtesy of the History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries.

The earliest-known depiction of the Pleiades is likely a Northern German bronze age artifact known as the Nebra sky disk, dated to approximately 1600 BC.[19] The Babylonian star catalogues name the Pleiades MULMUL (𒀯𒀯), meaning "stars" (literally "star star"), and they head the list of stars along the ecliptic, reflecting the fact that they were close to the point of vernal equinox around the 23rd century BC. The Ancient Egyptians may have used the names "Followers" and "Ennead" in the prognosis texts of the Calendar of Lucky and Unlucky Days of papyrus Cairo 86637.[20] Some Greek astronomers considered them to be a distinct constellation, and they are mentioned by Hesiod's Works and Days,[21] Homer's Iliad and Odyssey,[22] and the Geoponica.[23] Some scholars of Islam suggested that the Pleiades (ath-thurayya) are the "star" mentioned in Sura An-Najm ("The Star") of the Quran.

Subaru

In Japan, the constellation is mentioned under the name Mutsuraboshi ("six stars") in the 8th-century Kojiki.[25] The constellation is now known in Japan as Subaru ("to unite"). It was chosen as the brand name of Subaru automobiles to reflect the origins of the firm as the joining of five companies, and is depicted in the firm's six-star logo.[26]

Brightest stars

The nine brightest stars of the Pleiades are named for the Seven Sisters of Greek mythology: Sterope, Merope, Electra, Maia, Taygeta, Celaeno, and Alcyone, along with their parents Atlas and Pleione. As daughters of Atlas, the Hyades were sisters of the Pleiades. The English name of the cluster itself is of Greek origin (Πλειάδες), though of uncertain etymology. Suggested derivations include: from πλεῖν plein, "to sail", making the Pleiades the "sailing ones"; from πλέος pleos, "full, many"; or from πελειάδες peleiades, "flock of doves". The following table gives details of the brightest stars in the cluster:

Pleiades bright stars

Name Pronunciation (IPA & respelling) Designation Apparent magnitude Stellar classification Distance (ly)[42]

Alcyone /ælˈsaɪ.əni/ al-SY-ə-nee Eta (25) Tauri 2.86 B7IIIe 409±50

Atlas /ˈætləs/ AT-ləs 27 Tauri 3.62 B8III 387±26

Electra /ɪˈlɛktrə/ i-LEK-trə 17 Tauri 3.70 B6IIIe 375±23

Maia /ˈmeɪ.ə, ˈmaɪ.ə/ M(A)Y-ə 20 Tauri 3.86 B7III 344±25

Merope /ˈmɛrəpi/ MERR-ə-pee 23 Tauri 4.17 B6IVev 344±16

Taygeta /teɪˈɪdʒɪtə/ tay-IJ-i-tə 19 Tauri 4.29 B6V 364±16

Pleione /ˈplaɪ.əni/ PLY-ə-nee 28 (BU) Tauri 5.09 (var.) B8IVpe 422±11

Celaeno /sɪˈliːnoʊ/ si-LEE-noh 16 Tauri 5.44 B7IV 434±10

Sterope, Asterope /(ə)ˈstɛrəpi/ (ə)-STERR-ə-pee 21 and 22 Tauri 5.64;6.41 B8Ve/B9V 431.1±7.5

— — 18 Tauri 5.66 B8V 444.3±7.5