Celestial hemisphere:  Northern  ·  Constellation: Ursa Major (UMa)  ·  Contains:  Bode's Galaxy  ·  Cigar Galaxy  ·  HD85161  ·  HD85458  ·  HD85533  ·  HD85828  ·  HD86574  ·  M 81  ·  M 82  ·  NGC 3031  ·  NGC 3034  ·  NGC 3077
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IFN in direction of M81, M82 - LRGBHa, Randy Lindstrom
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IFN in direction of M81, M82 - LRGBHa

Getting plate-solving status, please wait...
IFN in direction of M81, M82 - LRGBHa, Randy Lindstrom
Powered byPixInsight

IFN in direction of M81, M82 - LRGBHa

Equipment

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Acquisition details

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Description

IFN, or integrated flux nebula, is composed of gas and dust lying beyond the main body of the Milky Way, as opposed to the gaseous nebulae lying within the plane of the Milky Way. The IFN is illuminated not by a single star but by the integrated flux of all the stars in the Milky Way.

IFN are very faint so one needs dark skies, long integration time and a little extra effort with image processing.  Of course this could be said for most astro images but it applies even more with IFN.  My sky is somewhere between Bortle 4 and 5 so that condition didn’t give me a great advantage.  My total integration time of 20 hours wasn't remarkable but with most of that in 1-minute subs, I decided it was enough.  So processing is where I decided to make up for any shortfall in the first two conditions.  

The extra bit of effort in processing was spent mainly in noise reduction.  I ran more cycles of TGVDenoise and MMT than I normally do in order to keep the noise in the background separated from the faint signal of the IFN while walking a fine line to avoid obliterating the IFN signal.  In addition, the new Generalized Hyperbolic Stretch script in PI (Thanks David and Mike!) was a key enabler for me to get the look that I desired in the final stretched image.  Having just started using GHS in the past few months, I have a long way to go to learn all of its capabilities, but it has given me a quantum leap in my ability to achieve the result I’m shooting for.  Following is the full workflow that I used.

All subframes:
Calibrate flats with flat darks
Calibrate lights with master flats and master darks
Cosmetic Correction to remove hot and cold pixels using master dark and auto detect
Run Subframe Selector on each filter set of lights to remove subs with poor FWHM and eccentricity
Register and integrate 10 best lights from red filter set for use as alignment reference
Register all lights using above alignment reference
NormalizeScaleGradient each set of lights by filter
Integrate each filter set of lights using NSG weights
Upscale lights 2x with DrizzleIntegration

L R G B and Ha individual masters:
Dynamic Crop
Dynamic Background Extraction
TGVDenoise and MMT for noise reduction with heavily stretched lightness mask and local support using stretched lightness

L master
Generalized Hyperbolic Stretch to stretch nonlinear and clip empty black pixels

Ha master:
StarNetv2
Generalized Hyperbolic Stretch to stretch nonlinear and clip empty black pixels
Curves Transform to apply slight s-curve for increased contrast

RGB combo
PixelMath to combine separate R, G and B channels
Autocolor script to calibrate color
Repaired HSV Script to restore color to saturated/ off-colored star cores
Noise reduce with TGVDenoise and MMT (8 layers) with strong lightness masks
Generalized Hyperbolic Stretch to stretch nonlinear and clip empty black pixels
Color Saturation of galaxies with GAME mask
Color Saturation to boost star color after using Histogram Transform to expand high range

RGB combo and Ha master
PixelMath to combine Ha with red channel
HistogramTransform to selectively adjust galaxy brightness with GAME mask
Curves Transform to apply s-curve for increased contrast

HaRGB combo and Lum master
LRGBCombination to combine Lum master with RGBHa combo
Curves Transform to apply s-curve for increased contrast
MLT with bias of .1 on layers 2 and 3 to sharpen galaxies
Resample to 30%

Comments

Sky plot

Sky plot

Histogram

IFN in direction of M81, M82 - LRGBHa, Randy Lindstrom

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Imaged with Voyager
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