Celestial hemisphere:  Northern  ·  Constellation: Draco (Dra)
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Movie of Exoplanet eclipsing white dwarf WD1856+534, lowenthalm
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Movie of Exoplanet eclipsing white dwarf WD1856+534

Acquisition type: Lucky imaging
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Movie of Exoplanet eclipsing white dwarf WD1856+534, lowenthalm
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Movie of Exoplanet eclipsing white dwarf WD1856+534

Acquisition type: Lucky imaging

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Description

I've captured exoplanet light curves several times, but given that the magnitude drop during a typical transit is never much more than .02 of a magnitude, and usually less than .01 magnitude, you can only detected it in the light curve produced by photometric analysis of your captured image time series. The star brightness change is never evident from just visual inspection of the images captured for producing the light curve. This is because the planets are always so much smaller than the star and barely block any light.

This finally changed with the discovery of a Jupiter scale planet orbiting a white dwarf, WD1856+534 in Draco. White dwarfs are typically about the size of the Earth, so when a Jupiter-size planet passes in front of them you get a deep eclipse rather than just a transit, and in this case producing more than a magnitude drop in brightness. The white dwarf is quite close at less than 25 parsecs away (about 80 light years), so its pretty bright at 17th magnitude. The deep transit (more like an eclipse!) puts it in range of doing photometry on the object with my equipment, despite its dimness, so I thought I would give it a try and make a movie of the eclipse. The result is presented here as a gif animation. You can see the star wink out when it is eclipsed for 5+ minutes in the animated window. The spot in the light curve in each image is marked on the blue chart in the orange curve, while the green curve is the brightness of a 16.5 magnitude reference star (also marked in the image). This white dwarf is actually part of a trinary star system, with a pair of closely orbiting M dwarfs (M 229-20A/B) about 1000 astronomical units away (AU) from the white dwarf. The M dwarfs are labeled in yellow in the image.

Conditions were terrible, with a full moon, reflecting off my house, with the target about to disappear behind my house. A telescope tube full of moonlight makes for dismal SNR, but it was good enough to capture the eclipse. There wasn't much choise as it was my last chance to capture a transit before the rains came and the target would soon be too low to image from my backyard. The error bars in the measurements are around 0.1 magnitude, increasing to almost .2 as the star dips below 18th magnitude. I'm pretty happy with the result, given the conditions. I'll get a much better light curve next spring when Draco returns to a good spot in the sky and there is no full moon!

The paper is discussed in this summary article "Planet discovered transiting a dead star":

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02555-3

Nature paper itself, "A giant planet candidate transiting a white dwarf" is here:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2713-y

For all data on object, including transit data go to the following URL and enter "WD1856+534" in the search box:

https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/

The 32 exposures measured for the light curve were one minute long. Each exposure was composed of a live stack (using SharpCap) of 30 two second exposures. Photometry was performed using ensemble photometry using 8 nearby reference stars ranging in brightness from 15.715 up to 17.066 magnitude (V filter) as listed in the UCAC4 star catalog. My camera is a color camera, so I used the G channel data which is a rough approximation of a V filter attached to a monochrome camera. Its a very non-standard setup, but using ensemble photometry, my results are usually pretty decent on bright stars in the range of 11 to about 14+ magnitude with error bars small enough that I can measure exoplanet transits of less than .001 magnitude from town.

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  • Movie of Exoplanet eclipsing white dwarf WD1856+534, lowenthalm
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    Movie of Exoplanet eclipsing white dwarf WD1856+534, lowenthalm
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Description: New version pointing out the M dwarf binary that forms a trinary with the white dwarf.

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