Contains:  Solar system body or event
Montes Apenninus, Guillermo Gonzalez

Montes Apenninus

Revision title: Downsized version for better display with the data

Acquisition type: Lucky imaging

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After Rupes Recta (https://www.astrobin.com/3kt3gf/) and bad seeing i headed towards to the wonderful area of Montes Apenninus. They are so great that despite the seeing I couldnt stop myself from capturing various images to compose a panoramic view of the area. Well, not surprisingly the results are not the finest, but the whole image does convey the power and beauty of this part of the Moon. 
Let me add these notes:
Montes Apenninus  are for many  the greatest range of  mountains on the Moon’s nearside. The  name was first used by the Polish astronomer and lunar observer Hevelius. They are the  remnants of the rim of the Imbrium Basin  that have not been flooded by lava.  The Apennines stretch for a total length  of about 600 km and individual mountain  peaks reach heights of 5 km. :-O 
 The slopes  towards the Mare Imbrium are relatively  steep at inclinations of about 30°, whereas  on the opposite side, towards the Mare Vaporum (‘Sea of Vapours’) and Sinus Aestuum  (‘Bay of Billows’) they are significantly less.  The Apennine hinterland probably consists  largely of ejecta from the Imbrium impact.  

Great craters complement these Montes as well, Conon on the right side (East) of the image, a very prominent crater, despite its small diameter of 21 km,  with a sharp crater rim, lying behind the Apennines.  On the West side several ones, from the almost hidden ones as the Wallace crater, almost completely flooded by lava. Its  floor appears completely smooth and level, without any detectable crater pits. The visible remainder of the crater wall  appears almost square and slopes down below the Mare Imbrium lava on the southeastern side.

And then, the unavoidable ones.  Archimedes, one of the most conspicuous craters on the Mare  Imbrium with a lava-flooded crater floor, and which was probably created during the early Imbrium period. The inner crater  walls are stepped or terraced. The diameter of Archimedes is 82  km and the crater walls reach a height of 2.1 km above the floor.  Its considerable diameter suggests that there are central peaks,  but these have been completely submerged by the lava. The lava  surface inside the crater appears smooth and completely level.   

Eratosthenes is a typical,  little- eroded impact crater  with a diameter of 58 km.  The depth of the crater floor  below the rim is 3.6 km. It has  a continuous crater rim and  strong ly terraced inner walls.  The central peak reaches a  height of 1.5 km above the  crater floor. Eratosthenes was  form ed about 3.2 billion years  ago (within the Eratosthenian  period on the lunar timescale). Because of its greater  age – when comparted with  Copernicus (800 million years) – it no longer shows any  obvious ray system. The system that formerly existed has,  over the course of billions of  years, been darkened by lunar  erosion and covered by later  impacts.  The foothills of the Apennines  reach as far as the northeastern wall of the crater. On the  southwest lies a nameless range of mountains which stretches south as far as the ghost  crater Stadius (not visible in the image). Interestingly, the view of  Eratosthenes changes greatly throughout a lunation, and  at Full Moon it is practically  invisible.

IN the upper part of the image Autolycus and  Aristillus can be seen, although a bit blured due.  

Finally, great Rimae can also be observed, Rima Bradley , a 3 km wide straight rille  running parallel to the Apennines, 130  km long. It undoubtedly marks a fracture  zone at the foot of the Apennines.  Rimae Fresnel, a complex system of linear rilles with a  total length of about 90 km, lying northwest of Mons Hadley. The rille system  ends near Cape Fresnel (the northern  outlier of the Apennines). Visually, it  appears to be an extension of Hadley  Rille, but geologically they are separate  rille systems. 

And Rima Hadley , a sinuous rille with an overall length of  about 80 km. The rille is a typical lava  channel with a width of between 1 and 2 km and a depth  of about 300 m. On 30 July 1971, Apollo 15 landed near  the rille. The rille was thoroughly investigated, photographed and measured. A descent into the rille by the crew  of Apollo 15 was forbidden by the flight directors because  of the steep gradients involved. 

The AP details are: a mosaic of 5 images with Each image is the best 1500 stacked images out of around 39000 images captured at around 130 fps, with a Astronomik ProPlanet 642 BP IR-Pass 1.25"

I believed that the format and display in this image, and I think that vertical panorama works the best. However, this framing in full res, becomes quite uneasy for displaying in the fronnt page of the iamge, therefore I downsized the original image for the technical data page, and keep the original version in its full dimension (and therefore openly (:-))  showing all the "problems" derived from the lousy seeing). 

CS, Guillermo


The moon notes are an adaptation of texts from the Chu, Alan; Paech, Wolfgang; Weigand, Mario. The Cambridge Photographic Moon Atlas . Cambridge University Press.

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Title: Downsized version for better display with the data

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Montes Apenninus, Guillermo Gonzalez