Celestial hemisphere:  Northern  ·  Constellation: Virgo (Vir)  ·  Contains:  13.06  ·  194 Prokne  ·  IC 3303  ·  M 84  ·  M 86  ·  NGC 4374  ·  NGC 4387  ·  NGC 4388  ·  NGC 4402  ·  NGC 4406
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Deep into the Core of the Virgo Cluster, Part II: the M86, M84 Group, Wei-Hao Wang
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Deep into the Core of the Virgo Cluster, Part II: the M86, M84 Group

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Deep into the Core of the Virgo Cluster, Part II: the M86, M84 Group, Wei-Hao Wang
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Deep into the Core of the Virgo Cluster, Part II: the M86, M84 Group

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This is a set of two images for the core of the Virgo Cluster. Part I is M87, which can be found here.  Part II is the M86 and M84 group, the present image.  The descriptions below is almost the same for both images.

Virgo Cluster is a nearby, rich, galaxy cluster. Its center, determined by the center of hot gas viewed with X-ray (note 1), coincides with the giant elliptical galaxy M87. There is another giant elliptical galaxy that's almost as large/bright, M86, that's very close to the center. There is another giant elliptical galaxy further down south, M49, which is at the edge of the Virgo Cluster and is falling into the cluster.

Just by looking at the number of surrounding galaxies, it is very easy to be misled and think that M86 is the center of the Virgo Cluster. But as indicated by X-ray observations (e.g., this picture), M87 is at the bottom of the gravitational potential well.  Not only the hot gas is attracted to M87 by its (or the entire cluster's) strong gravity, essentially everything around it is falling into it, including M86 and its surrounding galaxies, and will eventually become part of M87. This infall of material (galaxies and hot gas) has been ongoing since the formation of the cluster, making M87 the "junkyard" of the Virgo Cluster. This process does not only help M87 to build a supermassive black hole that has been a focus of modern astrophysics for decades, but also leaves a very extended stellar halo around it. The very extended halo can be seen in the picture presented here. It has a roughly 1 o'clock to 7 o'clock orientation, consistent with the distribution of the X-ray hot gas and roughly pointing to the M86 groups (or the "Markarian's Chain" of galaxies).  If we consider the extended stellar halo part of M87, then M87 is actually bigger than the FoV of the picture here.

Another manifest of the "junkyard" nature of M87 is its rich number of globular clusters, which can also be seen in the picture here. The globular clusters around M86 and M84 can also be seen here, but it is very clear that M86 and M84 have much fewer globular clusters than M87 does. This is another evidence that M87 has been "collecting" numerous smaller galaxies throughout the cosmic time. M86, despite very big as well, doesn't have the "privilege" of absorbing many other galaxies and thus has fewer globular clusters. M86 also doesn't have a stellar halo that's as extended as M87, again indicating that it's "just" an elliptical galaxy, rather than the cluster center galaxy.

Nevertheless, because there are quite some other galaxies around M86 and M84, there are many things going on around it. There are faint stellar streams, shells, and even foreground dust around M86 and M84. Some can be visible in the picture here, while some are very close to the detection limit despite the relatively long integration time. A recent Astrobin Image shows the halos and streams very well, and even H-alpha filaments around M86. In some sense, M86 is where most of the actions are going on in the Virgo Cluster, while M87 is the dead center that passively collects whatever falls into it. It is also possible that M86 is actually the center of a smaller cluster, which is undergoing its own growing process through interacting and merging while falling into M87 at the same time.

The images uploaded here are LRGB compositions. Most of the L exposures were taken under good seeing (< 1.5") and good weather. Some of the RGB images were taken under less ideal conditions, especially for the M86/M84 image, making the processing particularly challenging. Later I will upload a B&W version, to better show the stellar halos of these galaxies.

Rev.B: the B&W highly stretched version with some filtering for the shell and stellar streams. It's a fun area.
Rev.C: a color version with more aggressive contrast stretching.

Note 1: An interesting fact is that the space between galaxies in a galaxy cluster is not empty at all. It's full of hot diffuse gas that's transparent in visible light and can only be seen in X-ray images. The total mass of the hot gas is actually much larger than the sum of all individual galaxies, around 10x more. This is why the center of the cluster is determined by the center of hot gas, not the place where there appear to be more galaxies and also not necessarily the location of the largest galaxy. The gas is hot because the gravity of the cluster (produced by its dark matter) is so strong that it has to be hot to produce enough gas pressure to survive the strong gravitational pull.

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  • Final
    Deep into the Core of the Virgo Cluster, Part II: the M86, M84 Group, Wei-Hao Wang
    Original
  • Deep into the Core of the Virgo Cluster, Part II: the M86, M84 Group, Wei-Hao Wang
    B
  • Deep into the Core of the Virgo Cluster, Part II: the M86, M84 Group, Wei-Hao Wang
    C

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Deep into the Core of the Virgo Cluster, Part II: the M86, M84 Group, Wei-Hao Wang